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CSE 230 | Computer Organization & Assembly Language

CSE 230 | Computer Organization & Assembly Language







CSE 230

Computer Organization & Assembly Language

// COMPLETE REFERENCE GUIDE






01 Program Execution

02 Performance

03 Data Representation

04 Assembly Programming

05 Hardware Optimization

06 Datapath Design

07 Memory Hierarchy

08 Multiprocessors










01
How Programs Execute on a Computer







Basic Components of CPU Design



┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ CPU │
│ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │
│ │ Control │ │ ALU │ │ Registers │ │
│ │ Unit │◄──►│ (Arithmetic │◄──►│ (Fast │ │
│ │ (Fetches & │ │ Logic Unit) │ │ Storage) │ │
│ │ Decodes) │ │ │ │ │ │
│ └──────┬───────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ │
│ │ ▲ ▲ │
│ ▼ │ │ │
│ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ │
│ │Program Counter│ └───────────────────┘ │
│ │ (PC) │ │ │
│ └──────────────┘ ▼ │
│ ┌──────────────┐ │
│ │ Data Bus │ │
└───────────────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌──────────────┐
│ Memory │
└──────────────┘



Control Unit (CU) — Directs operations, fetches instructions, decodes opcodes, generates control signals

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) — Performs arithmetic (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) operations

Registers — Ultra-fast storage inside CPU (general purpose, special purpose like PC, SP, IR)

Program Counter (PC) — Holds address of next instruction to execute

Instruction Register (IR) — Holds currently executing instruction

Memory Address Register (MAR) — Holds address for memory access

Memory Data Register (MDR) — Holds data being transferred to/from memory

Stack Pointer (SP) — Points to top of the stack in memory









Program Compilation Process



┌─────────────────┐
│ Source Code │ (.c, .cpp, .java)
│ (High-Level) │
└────────┬────────┘
│
▼ [Preprocessor]
┌─────────────────┐
│ Expanded Code │ (includes, macros resolved)
└────────┬────────┘
│
▼ [Compiler]
┌─────────────────┐
│ Assembly Code │ (.s, .asm)
└────────┬────────┘
│
▼ [Assembler]
┌─────────────────┐
│ Object Code │ (.o, .obj) - machine code + symbols
└────────┬────────┘
│
▼ [Linker]
┌─────────────────┐
│ Executable │ (.exe, .out) - complete binary
└────────┬────────┘
│
▼ [Loader]
┌─────────────────┐
│ Process in │ Running in RAM
│ Memory │
└──────────…