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CSE 240 Final Exam Guide

CSE 240 Final Exam Guide








CSE 240 Final Exam Mastery Guide

Your complete guide to C++, Scheme, and Prolog.






C++ (OOP)
Scheme (Functional)
Prolog (Logic)





C++: Object-Oriented Programming (~20%)


Class Relationships: `is-a` vs. `has-a`

This is the fundamental design choice in OOP. Getting this right is crucial.


"is-a" (Inheritance): Used when a class is a more specific version of another. A `Book` is-a `Publication`. This is for code reuse and polymorphism. Modeled with `public` inheritance.




class Publication { ... };
class Book : public Publication { ... }; // A Book "is-a" Publication



"has-a" (Containment/Composition): Used when a class is composed of, or contains, other objects. A `Car` has-a `Engine`. Modeled by including an object as a member variable.




class Engine { ... };
class Car {
private:
Engine myEngine; // A Car "has-a" Engine
};



Polymorphism & Virtual Functions

Polymorphism allows derived class objects to be treated as base class objects. The `virtual` keyword is the key to enabling this at runtime.


A function declared `virtual` in a base class can be **overridden** in a derived class. C++ will determine which version to call at runtime based on the object's actual type.




class Publication {
public:
virtual void display() { ... } // Can be overridden
};

class Book : public Publication {
public:
void display() override { ... } // Overrides the base version
};

// Usage
Publication* pub = new Book();
pub->display(); // Calls Book's display() at runtime



Critical Exam Fact: If you intend to `delete` a derived object through a base class pointer, you **MUST** declare the base class destructor as `virtual`.…