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CSE 240 - C/C++ Cheat Sheet

CSE 240 - C/C++ Cheat Sheet









CSE 240: C & C++ Mastery Guide




Module 1: Paradigms, Errors, Processing & Macros

Programming Paradigms


Imperative (Non-Declarative): Focuses on how to execute.

Procedural: C, FORTRAN. Based on functions/procedures.

Object-Oriented (OOP): C++, Java. Encapsulates data and behavior.




Declarative: Focuses on what to execute.

Functional: LISP, Scheme. Avoids state changes and side effects.

Logic: Prolog. Uses facts and rules.







Program Error Types


Contextual Error: A "type error" found by the compiler. E.g., `int x = "hello";`

Semantic Error: A logic error found at runtime. E.g., division by zero.




Macros in C/C++

Macros perform text substitution during pre-processing. They avoid function call overhead but are prone to side effects.

// Define a macro to find the maximum value.
// Note the parentheses around the arguments and the whole expression to avoid operator precedence issues.
#define MAX(x, y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))

// --- SIDE EFFECT EXAMPLE ---
int a = 5;
int z = MAX(a++, 10);

// The preprocessor expands this to:
int z = ((a++) > (10) ? (a++) : (10));
// If a++ > 10 is true, 'a' would be incremented twice! This is unexpected behavior.






Module 2: Data Types & Basic I/O

Imperative Data & State

Data is represented by state: a collection of variables and their values. Key concepts:


Address: An integer representing a memory location.

Pointer: A variable that stores an address.

Scope: The region of code where a variable is accessible.



Basic I/O

C-Style: `scanf` and `printf`

#include <stdio.h>
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
// scanf needs the ADDRESS (&) of a variable to store the input.
scanf("%d", &num); // %d is the format specifier for an integer.
printf("You entered: %d\n", num);

C++ Style: `cin` and `cout`

#include <iostream>
int num;
std::cout > num;
std::cout